1Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University
2Research Center for Marine-Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University
3Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency
4Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University
5Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University
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Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant and glutathione precursor, has been extensively studied for its free radical-scavenging properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and ability to enhance cellular redox balance. NAC has also been shown to mitigate oxidative damage in various disease models, yet its role in endothelial dysfunction remains underexplored. In this study, we evaluated the ability of NAC to counteract oxLDL-induced endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). NAC treatment significantly reduced ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and apoptotic markers while restoring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and NO bioavailability. Additionally, NAC regulated the expression of eNOS, LOX-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, demonstrating its role in reducing endothelial inflammation and improving vascular homeostasis. Furthermore, NAC prevented excessive cholesterol accumulation, suggesting its potential to regulate lipid metabolism in endothelial cells. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of NAC in protecting against oxLDL-induced endothelial dysfunction and preventing vascular complications associated with cardiovascular diseases.
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